NHK World provides three services: NHK World Radio Japan, NHK World TV, and NHK World Premium. NHK World also makes most of its programming available through an online version of the television channel.
NHK World
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NHK WORLD
NHK World logo.gif
Launched December 6, 2009
Owned by NHK
Picture format 480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Slogan Your Eye on Asia
Country Japan
Language English
Broadcast area Japan
Website http://www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld
Availability
Terrestrial
District of Columbia
(MHz Networks) Channel 30.2
Los Angeles
(KSCI) Channel 18.2
Philadelphia
(WYBE) Channel 35.2
Satellite
Astro Malaysia Channel 398
Indovision Indonesia Channel 354
TrueVisions Thailand Channel 76
G Sat Philippines Channel 32
SKY Latin America Brazil & Mexico Channel 111 (Brazil)
Channel 283 (Mexico)
Directv LatinAmerica Channel 782 (Pay Per View)
Eurobird 1 UK
(Sky & Freesat) Channel 516
(Sky)
Channel 209
(Freesat)
Optus D2 Australia (GlobeCast) 12546 V 22500-3/4
DD Direct+ India Channel 42
SES Astra Europe Channel 574 (Spain, Digital +)
Intelsat 10 3739 MHz H
Intelsat 9 4040 MHz H
Intelsat 8 4060 MHz H
Cable
SkyCable Philippines Channel 78
Parasat Cable TV Philippines Channel 109
StarHub TV Singapore Channel 147 & 148
TrueVisions Thailand Channel 76
First Media Indonesia Channel 257
Global Destiny Cable Philippines Channel 72 & 73
Time Warner Cable Hawaii, USA Channel 682 & 1682 (HD)
Skylife Korea Channel 97 (HD)
Minneapolis Public Schools Minneapolis, MN Channel 78
Internet television
Live Webcast Watch (Free, English)
NHK World is the international broadcasting service of NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai - Japan Broadcasting Corporation), Japan's public broadcaster. The service is aimed at the overseas market, similar to BBC World, DW-TV, France 24 and Russia Today, and broadcast through satellite and cable operators throughout the world.
NHK World provides three services: NHK World Radio Japan, NHK World TV, and NHK World Premium. NHK World also makes most of its programming available through an online version of the television channel.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Television service of NHK World
o 1.1 NHK World TV
o 1.2 NHK World Premium
* 2 Radio Japan
o 2.1 RJ SW Relay Stations
o 2.2 Radio Japan historical output (1950–1996)
* 3 Internet service
* 4 See also
* 5 External links
[edit] Television service of NHK World
[edit] NHK World TV
NHK World TV started broadcast in 1995 as a service for Japanese expatriates in other parts of the world. NHK's news and information channel broadcasts internationally via satellite and cable TV. Programming is broadcast in English. Began as a news channel in February 2009 using the traditional NHK World logo in their own Digital On Screen Graphic. Previously, NHK World TV used the traditional "3 Eggs" logo of NHK. The NHK World Digital On-Screen Graphic in the news program, Newsline, is on the bottom left corner of the television screen. In other programming, the Digital On-Screen Graphic is moved to the top left corner of the television screen. Some of the shows are produced by production studio JIB TV which is owned by NHK to 60% and the remaining 40% by private investors like Microsoft and Japanese bank Mizuho.
[edit] NHK World Premium
NHK World Premium broadcasts a mixture of news, sports and entertainment in Japanese worldwide via satellite as a subscription service. In Europe this service is broadcast under the name JSTV and in the USA it is known as TV Japan. The programmes don't carry English subtitles.
[edit] Radio Japan
NHK World Radio Japan (RJ) broadcasts news, information, and entertainment programs focusing on Japan and Asia, for a daily total of 65 hours of broadcasts. Radio Japan provides two services:
* General Service broadcasts worldwide in Japanese and English
* Regional Service broadcasts to specific geographical zones in 17 languages: English, Arabic, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Korean, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Urdu, and Vietnamese
Both services are available on shortwave (SW) as well as online.
[edit] RJ SW Relay Stations
RJ runs a domestic SW relay station
* Yamata
RJ also leases or owns several external relay stations
* United Kingdom - BBC
* Ascension Island - BBC relay station
* Gabon
* UAE
* Sri Lanka
* Singapore - BBC relay station
* Canada - Radio Canada International
* Bonaire Island - Radio Netherlands
* French Guiana - Radio France Internationale
[edit] Radio Japan historical output (1950–1996)
For a comparison of Radio Japan to other broadcasters see the following:
[show]Estimated total direct programme hours per week of some external radio broadcasters
Broadcaster 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996[1]
United States VOA, RFE/RL & Radio Marti 497 1,495 1,907 1,901 2,611 1,821
People's Republic of China China Radio International 66 687 1,267 1,350 1,515 1,620
United Kingdom BBC World Service 643 589 723 719 796 1,036
Russia Radio Moscow / Voice of Russia[2] 533 1,015 1,908 2,094 1,876 726
Germany Deutsche Welle 0 315 779 804 848 655
Egypt Radio Cairo / ERTU 0 301 540 546 605 604
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting 12 24 155 175 400 575
India All India Radio 116 157 271 389 456 500
Japan NHK World Radio Japan 0 203 259 259 343 468
France Radio France Internationale 198 326 200 125 379 459
Netherlands Radio Netherlands 127 178 335 289 323 392
Israel Israel Radio International 0 91 158 210 253 365
Turkey Voice of Turkey 40 77 88 199 322 364
North Korea Radio Pyongyang / Voice of Korea 0 159 330 597 534 364
Bulgaria Radio Bulgaria 30 117 164 236 320 338
Australia Radio Australia 181 257 350 333 330 307
Albania Radio Tirana 26 63 487 560 451 303
Romania Radio Romania International 30 159 185 198 199 298
Spain Radio Exterior de España 68 202 251 239 403 270
Portugal Radiodifusão Portuguesa Internacional 46 133 295 214 203 226
Cuba Radio Havana Cuba 0 0 320 424 352 203
Italy Radio RAI International 170 205 165 169 181 203
Canada Radio Canada International 85 80 98 134 195 175
Poland Radio Polonia 131 232 334 337 292 171
South Africa Radio RSA / Channel Africa 0 63 150 183 156 159
Sweden Sveriges Radio International 28 114 140 155 167 149
Hungary Magyar Rádió 76 120 105 127 102 144
Czech Republic Radio Prague[3] 119 196 202 255 131 131
Nigeria Voice of Nigeria[4] 0 0 62 170 120 127
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Radio Belgrade 80 70 76 72 96 68
Source: International Broadcast Audience Research, June 1996
The list includes about a quarter of the world's external broadcasters whose output is both publicly funded and worldwide. Among those excluded are Taiwan, Vietnam, South Korea and various international commercial and religious stations.
Notes:
1. 1996 figures as at June; all other years as at December.
2. Before 1991, broadcasting for the former USSR.
3. Before 1996, broadcasting for the former Czechoslovakia.
4. Nigeria's external service is now off air.
[edit] Internet service
NHK World programs and contents are available online:
* NHK World - Online news and live HQ stream of NHK World TV
* Radio Japan . live streams, podcasts and archive programming
* Japanese Lessons - Re-edited versions of Basic Japanese for You and Brush Up Your Japanese.
[edit] See also
* NHK
* International broadcasting in Japan
* J-Melo
* NHK Newsline, new English language newscast on NHK World TV
[edit] External links
* NHK Online
* NHK World Premium
[close]
Japan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation).
Featured article
Page semi-protected
Japan
日本国
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku
Centered red circle on a white rectangle. Golden circle subdivided by golden wedges with rounded outer edges and thin black outlines.
Flag Imperial Seal
Anthem:
Play sound
Kimi ga Yo instrumental.ogg
Kimigayo (君が代?)
Government Seal of Japan:
Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Government of Japan
五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri?)
Capital
(and largest city) Tokyo (de facto)
35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767
Official language(s) None[1]
Recognised regional languages Aynu itak, Ryukyuan languages, Eastern Japanese, Western Japanese, and several other Japanese dialects
National language Japanese
Ethnic groups 98.5% Japanese, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.6% other[2]
Demonym Japanese
Government Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
- Emperor Akihito
- Prime Minister Naoto Kan (DPJ)
Legislature Diet of Japan
- Upper House House of Councillors
- Lower House House of Representatives of Japan
Formation
- National Foundation Day February 11, 660 BC[3]
- Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890
- Current constitution May 3, 1947
- Treaty of
San Francisco
April 28, 1952
Area
- Total 377,944 km2 [4](61st)
145,925 sq mi
- Water (%) 0.8
Population
- 2010 estimate 127,360,000[5] (10th)
- 2004 census 127,333,002
- Density 337.1/km2 (36th)
873.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate
- Total $4.308 trillion[6] (3rd)
- Per capita $33,828[6] (24th)
GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate
- Total $5.390 trillion[6] (3rd)
- Per capita $42,325[6] (17th)
Gini 38.1 (2002)[7]
HDI (2010) increase 0.884[8] (very high) (11th)
Currency International Symbol ¥ Pronounced (Yen)
Japanese Symbol 円 (or 圓 in Traditional Kanji) Pronounced (En) (JPY)
Time zone JST (UTC+9)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+9)
Date formats yyyy-mm-dd
yyyy年m月d日
Era yy年m月d日 (CE−1988)
Drives on the left
ISO 3166 code JP
Internet TLD .jp
Calling code 81
Japan (Listeni /dʒəˈpæn/; Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon, officially 日本国 About this sound Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island nation in East Asia.[9] Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands.[10] The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
A major economic power,[2] Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP[11] and by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains an extensive modern military force in self-defense and peacekeeping roles. After Singapore, Japan has the lowest homicide (including attempted homicide) rate in the world.[12] According to both UN and WHO estimates, Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world. According to the UN, it has the third lowest infant mortality rate.[13][14]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
o 2.1 Prehistory
o 2.2 Feudal era
o 2.3 Modern era
* 3 Geography
o 3.1 Climate
o 3.2 Biodiversity
o 3.3 Environment
* 4 Politics
o 4.1 Administrative divisions
o 4.2 Foreign relations
o 4.3 Military
* 5 Economy
o 5.1 Science and technology
o 5.2 Infrastructure
* 6 Demographics
o 6.1 Religion
o 6.2 Languages
o 6.3 Education
o 6.4 Health
* 7 Culture
o 7.1 Art
o 7.2 Music
o 7.3 Literature
o 7.4 Cuisine
o 7.5 Sports
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of Japan
The English word Japan is an exonym. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん?) About this sound listen (help·info) and Nihon (にほん?) About this sound listen (help·info); both names are written using the kanji 日本. The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese yen, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. Nihon is a more casual term and is used in contemporary speech. Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人?) and to their language as Nihongo (日本語?). Both Nippon and Nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Japanese missions to Imperial China and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (倭?) or Wakoku (倭国?).[15]
The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The early Mandarin or possibly Wu Chinese (吳語) word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔpən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.[16]
History
Main article: History of Japan
Prehistory
An illustrated scroll from the 1100s
A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of Japan. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, possibly ancestors of the Ainu people, characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.[17] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,[18] a new style of pottery,[19] and metallurgy, brought by migrants from China and Korea.[20]
The Japanese first appear in written history in the Chinese Book of Han. According to the Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[21] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period.[22]
The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature with the completion of the Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720).[23] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population.[24] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794. This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem Kimigayo were written during this time.[25]
Feudal era
The Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 were successfully repelled
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shoguns. The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.[26] The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo. Go-Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336. The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war (the Ōnin War) began in 1467 and opened the century-long Sengoku period ("Warring States").[27]
During the 16th century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade). Oda Nobunaga conquered many other daimyo using European technology and firearms; after he was assassinated in 1582, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following defeats by Korean and Ming Chinese forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.[28]
The Meiji Emperor
Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori, using his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).[29] The Tokugawa shogunate enacted measures like buke shohatto as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyo.[30] In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period.[31] The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese.[32]
Modern era
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises. The resignation of the shogun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor (the Meiji Restoration).[33] Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.[34] Japan's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935.[35]
The early 20th century saw a brief period of "Taishō democracy" overshadowed by increasing expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to widen its influence and territorial holdings. It continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931; as a result of international condemnation of this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.[36] In 1941, Japan negotiated the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.[37]
The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). In 1940, the Empire then invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[38] On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the US into World War II and, on December 8, those three countries declared war on Japan.[39][40] After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15.[41] The war cost Japan and the rest of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much of the nation's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allies (led by the US) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories.[42] The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3, 1946 to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes. However, the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Allied Commander despite calls for trials for both groups.[43]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[44] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second-largest economy in the world. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. In the beginning of the 21st century, positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery.[45]
On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered the strongest earthquake in its recorded history. It had a magnitude of 9.0[46] and was aggravated by a tsunami, affecting the northeast area of Honshu, including Tokyo.[47]
Geography
Main articles: Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan
Topographic map
Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 24° and 46°N, and longitudes 122° and 146°E. The main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.[48] About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use.[2][49] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.[50]
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.[51] Japan has 108 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century.[52] The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.[53] The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the 2011 Sendai earthquake, a 9.0-magnitude quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a tsunami.[47]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Japan
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, Central Highland, Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryukyu Islands. The northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter. In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshū's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn wind. The Central Highland has a typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night; precipitation is light. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round. The Pacific coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.[54]
The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).[55] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan—40.9 °C (105.6 °F)—was recorded on August 16, 2007.[56] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.[57]
Biodiversity
Sakura (Cherry blossom)
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.[58] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.[59]
Environment
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.[60] The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources.[61] Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.[62]
Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies, and is ranked 20th best in the world in the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.[63] As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.[64]
Politics
Main articles: Politics of Japan and Government of Japan
Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.[65] Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan; Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives with 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[2] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.[65] In 2009, the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan took power after 54 years of the liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party's rule.[66]
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must maintain the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Naoto Kan was designated by the Diet to replace Yukio Hatoyama as the Prime Minister of Japan on June 2, 2010.[67] Although the Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Emperor, the Constitution of Japan explicitly requires the Emperor to appoint whoever is designated by the Diet. Emperor Akihito formally appointed Kan as the country's 94th Prime Minister on June 8.[68]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.[69] However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; with post–World War II modifications, the code remains in effect.[70] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor. The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation.[65] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[71] The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.[72]
Administrative divisions
Main articles: Prefectures of Japan, Regions of Japan, Cities of Japan, Towns of Japan, and Villages of Japan
Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.[73] The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.[74] In the following, the 47 prefectures are listed according to their regions.
Hokkaido
1. Hokkaido
Tōhoku
2. Aomori
3. Iwate
4. Miyagi
5. Akita
6. Yamagata
7. Fukushima
Kantō
8. Ibaraki
9. Tochigi
10. Gunma
11. Saitama
12. Chiba
13. Tokyo
14. Kanagawa
Chūbu
15. Niigata
16. Toyama
17. Ishikawa
18. Fukui
19. Yamanashi
20. Nagano
21. Gifu
22. Shizuoka
23. Aichi
Kansai
24. Mie
25. Shiga
26. Kyoto
27. Osaka
28. Hyōgo
29. Nara
30. Wakayama
Chūgoku
31. Tottori
32. Shimane
33. Okayama
34. Hiroshima
35. Yamaguchi
Shikoku
36. Tokushima
37. Kagawa
38. Ehime
39. Kōchi
Kyūshū and Okinawa
40. Fukuoka
41. Saga
42. Nagasaki
43. Kumamoto
44. Ōita
45. Miyazaki
46. Kagoshima
47. Okinawa
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Japan
Japan is a member of the G8, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007[75] and with India in October 2008.[76] It is the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the United States and France, donating US$9.48 billion in 2009.[77]
Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.[78] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 19 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.[79]
JDS Kongō (DDG-173) launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands, and with China over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.[80] Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over the latter's abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).[81]
Military
Main articles: Japan Self-Defense Forces and Ministry of Defense (Japan)
Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.[82] Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces.[83] The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.[84]
Japan's military is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.[83] Nippon Keidanren has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter.[85]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Japan
The Tokyo Stock Exchange
From 1868, the Meiji period launched economic expansion in Japan as Meiji rulers embraced the market economy.[86] Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time, and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.[87] The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called a "Japanese miracle": it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s, and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s.[88] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s during what the Japanese call the Lost Decade, largely because of the after-effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000.[2] The economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005; GDP growth for that year was 2.8 percent, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[89]
As of 2010[update], Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of both nominal GDP and purchasing power parity.[90][91] As of January 2011[update], Japan's public debt was more than 200 percent of its annual gross domestic product, the largest such ratio among industrialized nations. The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.[92] Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan often utilize a system of terrace farming, and crop yields are high; 13 percent of Japan's land is cultivated. Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China.[2]
As of 2010, Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers.[93] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Almost one in six Japanese, or 20 million people, lived in poverty in 2007.[94] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas; more than half of all Japanese live in suburbs or more rural areas, where detached houses are the dominant housing type.[95]
Toyota, one of the world's largest automakers. Japan is the second-largest producer of automobiles in the world.[96]
Japan's exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in 2005. Japan's main export markets are China (18.88 percent), the United States (16.42 percent), South Korea (8.13 percent), Taiwan (6.27 percent) and Hong Kong (5.49 percent) as of 2009. Its main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[2] Japan's main import markets as of 2009 are China (22.2 percent), the US (10.96 percent), Australia (6.29 percent), Saudi Arabia (5.29 percent), United Arab Emirates (4.12 percent), South Korea (3.98 percent) and Indonesia (3.95 percent). Its main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries.[97] By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.[98] Junichiro Koizumi's administration began some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.[99]
Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the 2008 Ease of Doing Business Index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment.[100][98] Japanese companies are known for management methods like "The Toyota Way", and shareholder activism is rare.[101] Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil, and Seven & I Holdings Co.[102] It has some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and Topix indices) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization.[103] Japan is home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3 percent (as of 2006).[104]
Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Japan
Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world.[105] Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced fifteen Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,[106] three Fields medalists,[107] and one Gauss Prize laureate.[108] Some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, earthquake engineering, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots.[109]
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.[110] Japan's plans in space exploration include: launching a space probe to Venus, Akatsuki;[111][112] developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2013;[113][114] and building a moon base by 2030.[115] On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar explorer "SELENE" (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.[116] Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program. Its purpose is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered a lunar orbit on October 4,[117][118] flying at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).[119] The probe's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on 11 June 2009.[120]
Infrastructure
Main articles: Energy in Japan and Transport in Japan
Shinkansen or Bullet trains are a popular form of transport in Japan.[121]
As of 2008, 46.4 percent of energy in Japan is produced from petroleum, 21.4 percent from coal, 16.7 percent from natural gas, 9.7 percent from nuclear power, and 2.9 percent from hydro power. Nuclear power produces 22.5 percent of Japan's electricity.[122] Given its heavy dependence on imported energy,[123] Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.[124]
Japan's road spending has been extensive.[125] Its 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.[126] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.[127]
Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities. Japanese trains are known for their punctuality.[128] There are 173 airports in Japan; the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.[129] The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.[130] Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.[131]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, and Racial issues in Japan
Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million.[2] Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers.[132] Zainichi Koreans,[133] Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians,[134] and Japanese Peruvians are among the small minority groups in Japan.[135] In 2003, there were about 136,000 Western expatriates.[136] The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu[137] and Ryukyuan peoples, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.[138]
Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81.25 years as of 2006.[139] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2004, about 19.5 percent of the population was over 65.[140] The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits like the public pension plan. A growing number of younger Japanese are preferring not to marry or have families.[141] Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100.[140] Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.[141] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.[142][143] According to the UNHCR, in 2007 Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement, while the US took in 50,000.[144]
Japan suffers from a high suicide rate.[145][146] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth straight year.[147] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.[148]
view · talk · edit view · talk · edit Largest cities of Japan
2005 Census
Tokyo
Tokyo
Yokohama
Yokohama
Rank City Name Prefecture Pop. Rank City Name Prefecture Pop. Osaka
Osaka
Nagoya
Nagoya
1 Tokyo Tokyo 8,483,050 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,154,595
2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3,579,133 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,024,947
3 Osaka Osaka 2,628,776 13 Kitakyūshū Fukuoka 993,483
4 Nagoya Aichi 2,215,031 14 Chiba Chiba 924,353
5 Sapporo Hokkaidō 1,880,875 15 Setagaya Tokyo 841,399
6 Kōbe Hyōgo 1,525,389 16 Sakai Osaka 831,111
7 Kyōto Kyōto 1,474,764 17 Niigata Niigata 813,847
8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,400,621 18 Hamamatsu Shizuoka 804,067
9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,327,009 19 Shizuoka Shizuoka 713,716
10 Saitama Saitama 1,176,269 20 Sagamihara Kanagawa 701,568
Religion
Main article: Religion in Japan
Shinto Itsukushima Shrine UNESCO World Heritage Site
The highest estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population are Buddhists or Shintoists, including a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions.[2][149] However, these estimates are based on people associated with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.[150] Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[151] Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature. According to the CIA World Factbook, two percent of Japanese are Christian (2.4 million).[2] In addition, since the mid-19th century numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan.[152]
Languages
Main article: Japanese language
More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.[2] It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener. Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.[153]
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in Okinawa; however, few children learn these languages.[154] The Ainu language, which is unrelated to Japanese or any other known language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.[155] Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.[156]
Education
Main articles: Education in Japan and Health care in Japan
The Yasuda Auditorium of University of Tokyo
Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.[157] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and middle school, which together last for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, as of 2005 about 75.9 percent of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.[158]
Japan's education system is very competitive,[159] especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.[160][161] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as sixth best in the world.[162]
Health
In Japan, health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.[163] Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice.[164]
Culture
The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (Kinkaku-ji)
Main article: Culture of Japan
Japanese culture has evolved greatly from the country's original Jōmon arts to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, dolls, lacquerware, pottery, ceramics), folklore, performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), and traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, katana).
Art
Main articles: Japanese art and Japanese aesthetics
The Great Wave off Kanagawa, by Hokusai
Japanese painting is one of the oldest of the Japanese arts, with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC. The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas. The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in a movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.[165] Famous ukiyo-e artists included Hokusai and Hiroshige. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[166] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.[167]
Music
Main article: Music of Japan
Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[168] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers.[169] Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentaro Taki. Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music.[170] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging (ikebana) or tea ceremonies.[171]
Literature
Main article: Japanese literature
A 12th century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of the Genji
The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, and the 8th-century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters.[172] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[173] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world's first novel.[174][175]
During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of Yomihon, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).[173]
A traditional Japanese breakfast
Cuisine
Main article: Japanese cuisine
Historically, the primary ingredient of Japanese cuisine has been Japanese rice. In the early modern era ingredients such as red meats that had previously not been widely used in Japan were introduced. Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties, known as kyōdo ryōri (郷土料理), many originating from dishes prepared using traditional recipes with local ingredients. The Michelin Guide has awarded Japanese cities more Michelin stars than the rest of the world combined.[176]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Japan
Sumo wrestlers competing in Tokyo
Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[177] Japanese martial arts such as judo, karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.[178] Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted the Winter Olympics twice: Nagano in 1998 and Sapporo in 1972.[179]
The Japanese professional baseball league was established in 1936.[180] Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who plays for the Seattle Mariners.[181] Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than Hank Aaron in the US.[182] Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has also gained a wide following.[183] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[184] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times.[185] Golf is also popular in Japan,[186] as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon.[187]
See also
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173. ^ a b "Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011065654/http://isp.msu.edu/AsianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Japan/literature.html. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
174. ^ Totman, Conrad (2005). A History of Japan (2nd ed.). Blackwell. pp. 126–127. ISBN 1-4051-2359-1.
175. ^ Royall, Tyler, ed (2003). The Tale of Genji. Penguin Classics. pp. i–ii, xii. ISBN 0-14-243714-X.
176. ^ "「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行 三つ星が14軒、 二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に" (in Japanese). Michelin Japan. 24 November 2010. http://web-cache.stream.ne.jp/www09/michelin/guide/tokyo/. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
177. ^ "Sumo: East and West". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sumoeastandwest/sumo.html. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
178. ^ "Culture and Daily Life". Embassy of Japan in the UK. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317192109/http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/facts/culture_dailylife.html#sports. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
179. ^ "Olympic History in Japan". Japanese Olympic Committee. http://www.joc.or.jp/english/historyjapan/history_japan_bid.html. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
180. ^ Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball". In Palmer, Pete. Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking Press. p. 547.
181. ^ Posnanski, Joe. "There has never been a player like Ichiro, and there likely never will". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/joe_posnanski/03/25/unique.ichiro/index.html. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
182. ^ Wallace, Bruce (4 July 2007). "Home run king and gentleman". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/04/sports/sp-oh4. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
183. ^ "Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan". The Japan Forum. http://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/PDF/TB09_JCN.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
184. ^ "Previous FIFA World Cups". FIFA. http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=4395/index.html. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
185. ^ "Japan's best for AFC Asian Cup". Asian Football Confederation. http://www.the-afc.com/en/afc-asian-cup-news/31044-japans-best-for-afc-asian-cup. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
186. ^ Varcoe, Fred. "Japanese Golf Gets Friendly". Metropolis. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070926215517/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/604/sports.asp. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
187. ^ Clarke, Len. "Japanese Omnibus: Sports". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070926215524/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/623/sports.asp. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
Further reading
* De Mente, The Japanese Have a Word For It, McGraw-Hill, 1997 (ISBN 0-8442-8316-9)
* Flath, The Japanese Economy, Oxford University Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-19-877503-2)
* Henshall, A History of Japan, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001 (ISBN 0-312-23370-1)
* Ikegami, Bonds Of Civility: Aesthetic Networks And The Political Origins Of Japanese Culture, Cambridge University Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-521-60115-0)
* Iwabuchi, Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism, Duke University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-8223-2891-7)
* Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, Belknap, 2000 (ISBN 0-674-00334-9)
* Kato et al., A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times, Japan Library, 1997 (ISBN 1-873410-48-4)
* Macwilliams, Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime, M.E. Sharpe, 2007 (ISBN 0-7656-1602-5)
* McDonald, Reading a Japanese Film: Cinema in Context, University of Hawaii Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-8248-2993-X)
* Samuels, Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia, Cornell University Press, 2008 (ISBN 0-8014-7490-6)
* Silverberg, Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times, University of California Press, 2007 (ISBN 0-520-22273-3)
* Shinoda, Koizumi Diplomacy: Japan’s Kantei Approach to Foreign and Defense Affairs, University of Washington Press, 2007 (ISBN 0-295-98699-9)
* Stevens, Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power, Routledge, 2007 (ISBN 0-415-38057-X)
* Sugimoto et al., An Introduction to Japanese Society, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-521-52925-5)
* Varley, Japanese Culture, University of Hawaii Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-8248-2152-1)
External links
Find more about Japan on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Government
* Kantei.go.jp, official prime ministerial and cabinet site
* Kunaicho.go.jp, official site of the Imperial House of Japan
* National Diet Library
News media
* Asahi Shimbun
* Kyodo News
* NHK Online
* Japan Times
* Yomiuri Shimbun (English)
Tourism
* Japan National Tourist Organization
* Japan travel guide from Wikitravel
General information
* Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* Japan at the Open Directory Project
* Energy Profile for Japan from the US Energy Information Administration
* Works by Government of Japan at Project Gutenberg containing the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions
* Japan: Land of the Rising Sun – slideshow by Life magazine
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"
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NHK
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This article is about a broadcaster. For other uses, see NHK (disambiguation).
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Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK)
日本放送協会 NHK logo.svg
Type Broadcast radio network
and Broadcast television network
Country Japan
Availability Nationwide and Worldwide
Slogan まっすぐ、真剣。("Straightforward, earnest")
Area Shibuya, Tokyo
Owner Public Broadcast
Launch date March 22, 1925 (radio)
1950 (television)
Former names Japanese Radio Station (1925-26)
Official Website www.nhk.or.jp
Availability
Terrestrial
General TV Analog–Ch 1 (Tokyo)
Analog–Ch 2 (Osaka)
Analog–Ch 3 (Nagoya)
Digital- Ch 1 (Tokyo, Osaka)
Digital- Ch 3 (Nagoya)
Educational TV Analog–Ch 3 (Tokyo)
Analog–Ch 12 (Osaka)
Analog–Ch 9 (Nagoya)
Digital- Ch 2 (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya)
Satellite
BS-1 Analog–Ch BS 7
Digital-Ch 101
BS-2 Analog–Ch BS 11
Digital-Ch 102
BS-Hi Digital- Ch 103
NHK WORLD nhkTV, nhkRadio Japan
NHK Broadcasting Center in Shibuya, Tokyo
NHK Broadcasting Museum
NHK Osaka
NHK (日本放送協会, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai, Official English name: Japan Broadcasting Corporation) is Japan's national public broadcasting organization.[1] NHK, which has always identified itself to its audiences by the English pronunciation of its initials,[2] is a publicly owned corporation funded by viewers' payments of a television license fee.
NHK operates two terrestrial television services (NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV), three satellite television services (NHK BS-1, NHK BS-2, and NHK Hi-Vision, a High-definition television service), and three radio networks (NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2, and NHK FM).
NHK also provides an international broadcasting service, known as NHK World. NHK World is composed of NHK World TV, NHK World Premium, and the shortwave radio service NHK World Radio Japan. World Radio Japan also makes some of its programs available on the internet.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 License fee
* 3 NHK domestic broadcasting stations
* 4 TV programming
o 4.1 News
o 4.2 Emergency reporting
o 4.3 Education
o 4.4 Weather
o 4.5 Sports
o 4.6 News analysis
o 4.7 Music
o 4.8 Drama
o 4.9 Documentaries
o 4.10 Children
o 4.11 Other
* 5 Notable programs
* 6 See also
* 7 References
o 7.1 Notes
o 7.2 Additional sources
* 8 External links
[edit] History
Until the 1940s, NHK was a national radio broadcasting monopoly.[2][3]
On March 22, 1925, one and a half years after the Great Kantō earthquake, the Radio Japan produced the first radio broadcast in Japan, transmitting from Atago Hill just north of the Tokugawa Tombs in Shiba Park. The first program included Beethoven, classical Japanese music, and a play by ōyō.[2] In the same year, there were also broadcasts from Osaka and Nagoya.[4]
NHK was founded in 1926, modeled on the BBC radio company of the United Kingdom.[2] NHK evolved from the amalgamation of the three regional broadcasting corporations. This merger and reorganization was carried out under the auspices of the pre-war Ministry of Communications.[5]
NHK’s second radio network was started in 1931. And in 1935, NHK started a shortwave radio service for listeners overseas, which was known as ’’‘Radio Japan’’’ in 1930s and 1940s.
In November 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army nationalised all public news agencies and coordinated their efforts through the Information Liaison Confidential Committee.[citation needed] All published and broadcast news reports became official announcements of the Imperial Army General Headquarters in Tokyo for the duration of World War II. The famous Tokyo Rose wartime programs were broadcasts by NHK.[2]
In 1950, post-war three radio rules were enacted including the Broadcast Law (“Hōsō Hō”), and they replaced the pre-war Radio Telegraph Law. Under this law, NHK started afresh as a special corporation to be supported by audiences.[6]
NHK started General TV in 1950 and the Educational TV in 1959. It aired its first color television broadcast in 1960.
In 1980s, NHK BS TV broadcasts were started.[7] And in 1995, NHK started ’’‘NHK World TV’’’.
In 2000, NHK started satellite digital TV broadcasts. And in 2003, terrestrial digital TV broadcasts were started for three megacity areas, which are to be expanded to cover almost all Japan by July, 2011.
NHK BS Hi-Vision analog TV was stopped by September, 2007.
Since End of September 2008, NHK World TV can be received Free-To-Air over the Astra 19.2°E (Astra 1L) in Europe.
As of 28 November, 2008,[8] NHK World TV was seen to start Test transmissions on the Eurobird series of satellites, Free to Air, at 28.5 Degrees East. The transmissions, on 11.680 GHz (Vertical polarity, FEC 2/3, S/R 27.5MBaud), currently appear only by adding the channel manually on Sky Digital equipment, and the channel is currently recognised by a code number, “51108”. It is not currently known how long this service will be available for, or what the plans for NHK World presently are. It appears in the Freesat EPG on channel 209.
[edit] License fee
NHK is paid for by license fees (known in Japanese as reception fee (受信料, Jushinryō?)). The Broadcast Law which governs NHK’s funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay. The fee is standardized,[9] with discounts for office workers and students who commute, as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture.
However, the Broadcast Law lists no punitive actions for nonpayment; as a result of this, after a rash of NHK-related scandals, the number of people who had not paid the license fee surpassed one million users. This incident sparked debate over the fairness of the fee system.[10] In 2006, the NHK opted to take legal action against those most flagrantly in violation of the law.[11]
[edit] NHK domestic broadcasting stations
Main articles: NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV
[edit] TV programming
See also: List of anime broadcast by NHK
NHK General TV broadcasts a variety of programming. The following are noteworthy:
[edit] News
Local, national, and world news reports. NHK News 7 offers bilingual broadcasts on NHK General TV, NHK World TV and NHK World Premium. Its current flagship news program is News Watch 9, also broadcast throughout the whole NHK network. NHK also offers news for the deaf, regional news and children’s news. News Today 30 Minutes is the new name of NHK NEWSWATCH which ran for 6 years. It is an English newscast designed for foreign viewers. On 2 February 2009, NHK World TV changed and the flagship newscast, Newsline, also changed and is currently the flagship newscast on NHK and NHK World TV.
[edit] Emergency reporting
Under the Broadcast Act, NHK is under the obligation to broadcast early warning emergency reporting in times of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Their national network of seismometers in cooperation with the Japan Meteorological Agency makes NHK capable of delivering the news in just 2–3 minutes after the quake. They also broadcast air attack warnings in the event of war, using the J-Alert system.
[edit] Education
Education programmes are watched nation-wide at primary schools. Tensai Terebikun MAX (better known as TTK) is a show combining a small amount of education with entertainment. TTK is currently hosted by the Yasuda Big Circus, Maki Nishiyama and a cast of 24 children ranging from ages 8 to 14.
[edit] Weather
Weather in detail, nationwide, and international for travellers.
[edit] Sports
NHK broadcasts the six annual Grand Sumo tournaments, high-school baseball championships from Koshien Stadium, Olympic Games, National Sports Festival of Japan, and a range of other sports. NHK also broadcasts Boston Red Sox games when Daisuke Matsuzaka pitches.
[edit] News analysis
The network carries in-depth reports on current topics, political debate, and similar programming.
[edit] Music
The annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen on New Year’s Eve is the highlight. The weekly schedule includes an amateur hour, and prime-time shows for all ages. Music Japan is shown each week with brand new Japanese pop, and rock acts.
J-Melo is NHK’s first music program to be recorded entirely in English for international consumption.
The NHK Symphony Orchestra, financially sponsored by NHK, was formerly (until 1951) the Japanese Symphony Orchestra. Its website details the orchestra's history and ongoing concert programme.[12]
[edit] Drama
A sentimental morning show, a weekly jidaigeki and a year-long show, the ’’Taiga drama’’, spearhead the network’s fiction offerings.
NHK is also making efforts to broadcasting the drama made in foreign countries as "Overseas Drama (海外ドラマ, Kaigai Dorama?)".
[edit] Documentaries
NHK has become known for its documentary series, first popularized by the mini-series Legacy for the Future, afterwards, "The Silk Road" in NHK Tokushu (NHK Special at later years[13]), and "The 20th Century on Film" (映像の世紀, Eizō no Seiki?) in NHK Special.
[edit] Children
The longest running children’s show in Japan, Okaasan to Issho (おかあさんといっしょ?, With Mother, 1959 -[14]), still airs to this day on NHK-ETV.
Sesame Street was one of the first imports, debuting in 1971. It resumed in 1988, until 2004, when a local adaptation was announced, which NHK refused to be involved in. Teenagers and adults watched the program to learn English (though much later on, a dubbed version was also available). When the American Sesame Street aired on NHK, the channel produced episode guides. In the 2000s, when the show was available in both English and Japanese, Sesame English was interspersed within the program, first as a replacement for Elmo's World, but later in addition to it.
[edit] Other
Cooking, comedy, exercise, gardening, crafts, anime, igo, shogi.
[edit] Notable programs
* ’’Allison & Lillia’’ (2008)
* ’’Big Wolf on Campus’’ (2002-2003)
* ’’BuBu ChaCha’’
* ’’Caillou’’(1998-present)
* ’’Cardcaptor Sakura’’ (1998-2002)
* ’’Dynamic China’’ (2007-)
* ’’Doctor Who’’
* ’’Dungeons & Dragons’’ (1996-2002)
* ’’Eigo de Shabera Night’’ (2002-2009)
* ’’Futatsu no Spica’’
* ’’Future Boy Conan’’ (1978)
* ’’Guardian of the Sacred Spirit’’ (2007-)
* ’’Goosebumps’’ (1998-1999)
* ’’J-Melo’’ (2005-)
* ’’Kaitai-Shin Show’’
* ’’Kōhaku Uta Gassen’’
* ’’Kyo Kara Maoh!’’
* ’’MAJOR’’ (2004-2009)
* ’’Minna no Uta’’ (1961-ongoing)
* ’’Morizzo and Kiccoro’’ (2005 Aichi World Expo season)
* ’’Mujin Wakusei Survive’’
* ’’Mysterious Cities of Gold’’ (1982-1983)
* ’’Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water’’ (1990-1991)
* ’’Oshin’’ (1983-1984)
* ’’Pants Pankuro’’ (2004-2008)
* ’’The Pirates of Dark Water’’ (1993)
* ’’Planetes’’
* Questa
* ’’Sesame Street’’ (1971-2004)
* ’’Shibawanko no Wa no Kokoro’’
* ’’Shirasu Jiro’’ (2009)
* ’’Snow Princess’’
* ’’Spongebob Squarepants’’ (2002-present)
* ’’Sports Kyoushitsu’’
* ’’Star Wars: The Clone Wars’’
* ’’Taiga drama’’
* ’’Tales from the Darkside’’
* ’’Ten Minutes Box’’
* ’’The Nightmare Room’’ (2002-2003)
* ’’Tsubasa Chronicle’’
* ’’UFO Baby’’ (2000-02)
* ’’Visions of Light’’
* ’’Yat Anshin Uchuu Ryokou’’ (1996-1998)
* ’’Zettai Shonen’’ (“Absolute Boy”) (2004-2005)
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: NHK
* NHK World
* Welcome to the NHK!
* ISDB
* STRL
* UHDTV
* Japanese television programs
* Japanese media
* Domo-kun
* NHK Spring Company
* Hobankyo - Organization based in Japan that enforces Fuji Television copyright issues
* Japan Prize Contest (NHK)
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
1. ^ NHK: Profile
2. ^ a b c d e Sidensticker, Edward. (1990). ’‘Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake,’’ p. 67.
3. ^ See article "Frank Shozo Baba"
4. ^ NHK: Evolution of television
5. ^ www.nhk.or.jp
6. ^ www.nhk.or.jp
7. ^ www.nhk.or.jp
8. ^ Techworld.co.uk
9. ^ www.nhk.or.jp
10. ^ asahi.com: IHT/Asahi: February 24, 2005
11. ^ www.nhk.or.jp Summary of Press Conference (November 2006): On the demanding of fee payment through legal proceedings
12. ^ "NHK Symphony Orchestra website" Referenced 24 November 2010
13. ^ "50 Years of NHK Television". Categories. NHK World. p. 30. http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/categories/p30/index.html. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
14. ^ "50 Years of NHK Television". Categories. NHK World. p. 45. http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/categories/p45/index.html. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
[edit] Additional sources
* Johnston, Eric. (July 7, 2009). Japan Times: NHK a fount of info, a lot of it from the government Japan Times, p. 3.
* Seidensticker, Edward. (1990). ’‘Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Great Earthquake.’’ New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54360-2
[edit] External links
* Official website (Japanese)
* NHK OFFICIAL YOUTUBE CHANNEL (JAPANESE)
* NHK OFFICIAL YOUTUBE CHANNEL (ENGLISH)
* NHK
* NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories
* NHK/digital
Coordinates: 35°39′55.07″N 139°41′45.41″E / 35.6652972°N 139.6959472°E / 35.6652972; 139.6959472
[show]v · d · eTerrestrial television networks in Japan
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ANN · FNN · JNN · NNN · TXN · Independent UHF Station (JAITS)
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NHK
[show]v · d · eBroadcast radio networks in Japan
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JRN (Japan Radio Network) · NRN (National Radio Network)
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JFN (Japan FM Network) · JFL (Japan FM League) · MegaNet (Megalopolis Radio Network)
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"
Categories: Commercial-free television networks | Japanese radio | NHK | Publicly funded broadcasters | 1926 establishments | Cable TV of Hong Kong
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Television network
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Not to be confused with television channel or television station.
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
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A television network is a telecommunications network for distribution of television content, whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay TV providers. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (e.g. the BBC, NBC or CBS) evolved from earlier radio networks.
In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content to all their stations and where most individual TV transmitters therefore operate only as large "repeater stations", the terms "television network", "television channel" (a numeric identifier or radio frequency), and "television station" have become mostly interchangeable in everyday language, with professionals in TV-related occupations continuing to make a difference between them. Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network master control has the technical and administrative capability to take-over the programming of their affiliates in real-time when it deems this necessary — the most common example being breaking national news events.
In North America in particular, many television networks available via cable and satellite television are branded as "channels" because they are somewhat different than traditional networks in the sense defined above, as they are singular operations – they have no affiliates or component stations, but instead are distributed to the public via cable headends or direct-broadcast satellite companies. Such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as "specialty channels" in Canada or "cable networks" in the U.S.
A network may or may not produce all of its own programming. If not, production houses such as Warner Bros. and Sony Pictures can distribute their content to the different networks, and it is common that a certain production house may have programmes on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programmes from other countries, or use archival programming to help complement their schedules.
Some stations or headends have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of TV commercials, station IDs, and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming, known as regional variation. This is common where small networks are members of larger networks.
As with individual stations and headends, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. These systems are not only used for scheduling and for playout from video servers, but use exact atomic time from GPS or other sources to maintain perfect synchronization with upstream and downstream systems, so that programming appears seamless to viewers.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 United States
o 1.1 History
o 1.2 Regulation
* 2 Canada
* 3 Europe, Asia, Africa and South America
o 3.1 United Kingdom
o 3.2 Netherlands
o 3.3 Russia
+ 3.3.1 Soviet era
+ 3.3.2 1990s
+ 3.3.3 2000s
* 4 Australia
* 5 Philippines
* 6 References
* 7 See also
[edit] United States
Television in the United States has long been dominated by the Big Three television networks, ABC, CBS and NBC, but Fox, launched in 1986, has gained prominence and is now considered as part of the "Big Four". The Big Three provide a significant amount of programming to each of their affiliates, including news, prime-time, daytime and sports programming, but still have periods each day when each affiliate can air local programming, such as local news or syndicated programmes. Since the creation of Fox, the number of American television networks has grown, but the amount of programming they provide is often much less: for example, The CW Television Network only broadcasts for ten hours each week, leaving its affiliates free to broadcast a large amount of syndicated programming. Other networks are dedicated to specialist programmes, such as religious broadcasting or services in languages other than English, especially in Spanish.
The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, a not-for-profit, publicly owned service. In comparison to the commercial networks, there is no central programming arm or unified schedule, meaning that each PBS affiliate has a significant amount of freedom to schedule programmes as it sees fit.
With the coming of digital terrestrial television and the mandated DTV transition in the United States, several networks have been created specifically to be transmitted on the digital subchannels of TV stations. These include Ion Life (which is almost always paired with Ion Television as most of the stations are network-owned), and ThisTV (which is carried on a assortment of unrelated stations).
There are also regional networks in the U.S., mostly statewide ones for public television. These may also carry separate digital networks. For example, all Georgia Public Broadcasting stations simulcast, and carry mostly PBS and some GPB TV programs on one channel, PBS Kids on another channel branded as GPB Kids, and PBS World and other PBS and GPB programming on a third channel branded GPB Knowledge. Besides Georgia, several other U.S. states have statewide or regional PBS networks.
Providers of pay TV generally pay the networks a certain amount per subscriber (the highest charge being for ESPN). This amount varies depending on the viewership of the network, and whether the cable or satellite company can sell local commercials, in which case there may be revenue sharing. Networks that consist entirely of home shopping or infomercials may instead pay the station or cable/satellite provider, which is known as brokered programming. This is especially common with low-power TV stations, and now even more so for the ones that are using this income to make the forced conversion to digital, which in turn provides them with several extra channels to transmit different program sources on.
[edit] History
NBC set up the first permanent coast-to-coast radio network in the United States by 1928, using dedicated telephone line technology. However, the signal from an electronic television system, containing much more information than a radio signal (6 MHz), required a broadband transmission medium. Transmission by a nationwide series of radio relay towers would be possible but extremely expensive.
Researchers at the AT&T subsidiary Bell Telephone Laboratories patented coaxial cable in 1929, primarily as a telephone improvement device. Its high capacity (transmitting 240 telephone calls simultaneously) also made it ideal for long-distance television transmission, where it could handle a frequency band of 1 megahertz.[1] German television first demonstrated such an application in 1936 by relaying televised telephone calls from Berlin to Leipzig, 180 km (112 miles) away, by cable.[2] The network was later extended to television viewing offices in Nuremberg and Munich.
AT&T laid the first L-carrier coaxial cable between New York and Philadelphia, with automatic signal booster stations every 10 miles (16 km), and in 1937 they experimented with transmitting televised motion pictures over the line.[3] Bell Labs gave demonstrations of the New York–Philadelphia television link in 1940–1941. AT&T used the coaxial link to transmit the Republican national convention in June 1940 from Philadelphia to New York City, where it was televised to a few hundred receivers over the NBC station.[4]
NBC had earlier demonstrated an inter-city television broadcast on February 1, 1940, from its station in New York city to another in Schenectady, New York by General Electric relay antennas, and began transmitting some programs on an irregular basis to Philadelphia and Schenectady in 1941. Wartime priorities suspended the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 1, 1942 to October 1, 1945, temporarily shutting down expansion of television networking. However, in 1944 a short film, "Patrolling the Ether", was broadcast simultaneously over three stations as an experiment.
The DuMont Television Network in 1949. DuMont's network of stations stretched from Boston to St. Louis. These stations were linked together via AT&T's coaxial cable feed, allowing the network to broadcast live programming to all the stations at the same time. Stations not yet connected received kinescope recordings via physical delivery.
AT&T made its first postwar addition in February 1946, with the completion of a 225-mile (362 km) cable between New York City and Washington, D.C., although a blurry demonstration broadcast showed that it would not be in regular use for several months. The DuMont Television Network, which had begun experimental broadcasts before the war, launched what Newsweek called "the country's first permanent commercial television network" on August 15, 1946, connecting New York with Washington.[5] Not to be outdone, NBC launched what it called "the world's first regularly operating television network" on June 27, 1947, serving New York, Philadelphia, Schenectady and Washington.[6] Baltimore and Boston were added to the NBC television network in late 1947. DuMont and NBC would be joined by CBS and ABC in 1948. In the 1940s, the term "chain broadcasting" was used,[7] as the stations were linked together in long chains along the East Coast. But as the networks expanded westward, the interconnected stations formed great networks of connected affiliate stations. In January 1949, with the signon of what would become KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh the mid-west and east-coast/New England networks were finally connected by coaxial cable (with KDKA showing the best shows of all networks)[1]. By 1951, the four networks stretched coast to coast, carried on the new microwave radio relay network of AT&T Long Lines. Only a few local TV stations remained independent of the networks.
The Fox Broadcasting Company network, part of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, was launched on October 9, 1986. In the 2006–2007 television season, The CW Television Network was launched by the merger of The WB Television Network and the UPN network.
Late in the 20th century, cross-country microwave radio relays were replaced by fixed-service satellites. Some terrestrial radio relays remained in service for regional connections.
[edit] Regulation
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations in the United States restricted the number of television stations that could be owned by any one network, company or individual. This led to a system where most local television stations were independently owned, but received programming from the network through a franchising contract, except in a few big cities that had network owned-and-operated stations and independent stations. In the early days of television, when there were often only one or two stations broadcasting in an area, the stations were usually affiliated with several networks and were able to choose which programs to air. Eventually, as more stations were licensed, it became common for each station to be affiliated with only one network and carry all of the "prime-time" network programs. Local stations occasionally break from regularly scheduled network programming however, especially when there is breaking local news (e.g. severe weather). Moreover, when stations return to network programming from commercial breaks, the station's logo is displayed in the first few seconds before switching to the network's logo.
Another FCC regulation, the Prime Time Access Rule, restricted the number of hours of network programming that could be broadcast on the local affiliate stations. This was done to encourage the development of locally produced programs, and to give local residents access to broadcast time. More often, the result included a substantial amount of syndicated programming, usually consisting of old movies, independently produced and syndicated shows, and reruns of network programs. Occasionally, these shows were presented by a local host, especially in programs that showed cartoons and short comedies intended for children. See list of local children's television series (United States).
[edit] Canada
See also: Television in Canada
A number of different definitions of "network" are used by government agencies, industry, and the general public.
Under the Broadcasting Act, a network is defined as "any operation where control over all or any part of the programs or program schedules of one or more broadcasting undertakings is delegated to another undertaking or person"[8] and must be licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).
Only four national over-the-air television networks are currently licensed by the CRTC: the government-owned CBC (English) and Radio-Canada (French), French-language private network TVA, and a network focused on Canada's indigenous peoples, APTN. A third French-language service, V, is licensed as a provincial network within Quebec, but not nationally.
Currently, licensed national or provincial networks must be carried by all cable systems (in the country or province, respectively) with a service area above a certain population threshold, as well as all satellite providers. However, they are no longer necessarily expected to achieve over-the-air coverage in all areas (APTN, for example, only has terrestrial coverage in parts of northern Canada).
In addition to these licensed networks, the two main private English-language over-the-air services, CTV and Global, are also generally considered to be "networks" by virtue of their national coverage, although they are not officially licensed as such. CTV was previously a licensed network, but relinquished this licence in 2001 after acquiring most of its affiliates, making operating a network licence essentially redundant (per the above definition).
Smaller groups of stations with common branding are often categorized by industry watchers as television systems, although the public and the broadcasters themselves will often refer to them as "networks" regardless. Some of these systems, such as A, Citytv, and the now-extinct E!, essentially operate as mini-networks, but have reduced geographical coverage. Others, such as Omni or CTS, have similar branding and a common programming focus, but schedules may vary significantly from one station to the next.
Most local television stations in Canada are now owned and operated directly by their network, with only a very few affiliates still operating.
[edit] Europe, Asia, Africa and South America
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised because of out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (October 2009)
Most television services outside North America are national networks established by a combination of publicly funded broadcasters and commercial broadcasters.[citation needed] Most nations established television networks in a similar way: the first television service in each country was operated by a public broadcaster, often funded by a TV licensing fee, and most of them later established a second or even third station providing a greater variety of content. Commercial television services also became available when private companies applied for television broadcasting licenses. Often, each new network would be identified with their channel number, so that individual stations would often be numbered One, Two, Three, and so forth.
[edit] United Kingdom
See also: Television in the United Kingdom
The first television service in the United Kingdom was provided by the BBC, but commercial broadcasting was established in order to create a second television service. Rather than creating a single network owned by a single company, each region had an separate television company independent from any other, although most of these stations shared a number of programmes. Gradually, each of these stations adopted a single national schedule, forming the ITV Network.
When UHF television allowed a greater number of television stations to broadcast, the BBC launched BBC Two (and the original service was later renamed BBC One), and a second commercial network was launched, Channel 4, although Wales introduced a Welsh-language service instead, S4C. A fifth network, currently called Five, was later launched. Since the introduction of digital television, the BBC, ITV, Channel Four and Five each introduced a number of digital-only channels.
[edit] Netherlands
Until 1989, Netherlands Public Broadcasting was the only television network in the Netherlands, with three stations, Nederland 1, Nederland 2 and Nederland 3. Rather than having a single production arm, there are a number of public broadcasting organizations that create programming for each of the three stations, each working relatively independently. Commercial broadcasting in the Netherlands is currently operated by two networks, RTL Nederland and SBS Broadcasting, which together broadcast seven commercial stations.
[edit] Russia
See also: Television in Russia
[edit] Soviet era
The first television network of Soviet Union appeared on 4 November 1967 when the Channel One of USSR Central Television became all-union one. Until 1989 there were six TV channels, all owned by the USSR Gosteleradio. This changed during Gorbachev's Perestroika when the first independent television network, 2×2, was launched.
[edit] 1990s
Following a breakup of the Soviet Union, USSR Gosteleradio ceased to exist as well as its six channels. Only Channel One had a smooth transition to the Ostankino Channel One and the network itself survived. The other 5 networks were Ground Zero. This free airwave space allowed many private television networks like NTV and TV-6 to appear in the mid-1990s.
[edit] 2000s
2000s were marked by the increased state intervention in Russian Television. On 14 April 2001 NTV television channel had its management changed following the expulsion of former oligarch and the founder of NTV Vladimir Gusinsky. As a result most of the star reporters left the channel. Later, on 22 January 2002, the second biggest private television network TV-6, where the former NTV staff took refuge, was shut down allegedly because of its editorial policy. Five months later, on 1 June TVS was launched, mostly consisting of NTV/TV-6 staff, only to stop airing 1 year later. Since then four biggest TV networks (Channel one, Russia 1, NTV and Russia 2) are state-owned.
Still, 2000s saw a rise of several independent TV networks like REN (its coverage increased vastly allowing it to become federal channel), Petersburg — Channel Five (overall the same), the relaunched 2×2 and others. Now the TV audience is mainly shared by 5 leading companies: Channel one, Russia 1, NTV, TNT and CTC.
[edit] Australia
See also: Television in Australia
Australia has two national public networks, the ABC and SBS. The ABC operates eight stations as part of its main network ABC1, one for each state and territory, as well as three digital-only channels, ABC2, ABC3 and ABC News 24. SBS currently operates two stations, SBS One and SBS Two.
The first commercial networks in Australia involved commercial stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and later Perth, sharing programming, with each network forming networks based on their allocated channel numbers: TCN-9 Sydney, GTV-9 Melbourne, QTQ-9 Brisbane, NWS-9 Adelaide and STW-9 Perth together formed the Nine Network, while their equivalents on VHF channels 7 and 10 formed the Seven Network and Network Ten respectively. Until 1989, areas outside of these main cities had access to only a single commercial station, and these rural stations often formed small networks such as Prime Television. Beginning in 1989, however, television markets in rural areas began to aggregate, allowing these rural networks to broadcast over a larger area, often an entire state, and become full-time affiliates to one specific metropolitan network.
[edit] Philippines
In the Philippines, in practice, the terms network, station and channel are used interchangeably as programming line-ups are mostly centrally planned from the networks' main offices, and since provincial/regional stations usually just relay the broadcast from their parent network's flagship station (usually based in the Mega Manila area). Hence VHF networks are sometimes informally referred to by the channel number they are seen on terrestrial TV in the Mega Manila area (e.g. Channel 2 or Dos for ABS-CBN and Channel 7 for GMA Network) while some networks have the channel numbers in their name (e.g. TV5, Studio 23 and Net 25 which are seen on channels 23 and 25 respectively).
Unlike the US where networks get programmes from various production houses, the two largest networks in the Philippines produce all their primetime programmes except for Asianovelas. Other networks adopt block-time programming whose programming arrangements are similar to the relationship between a US network and station. USA has the mosted watch television network.
[edit] References
1. ^ "Coaxial Cable", Time, Oct. 14, 1935.
2. ^ Television in Germany, Berlin, 1936.
3. ^ "Television 'Piped' From New York to Philadelphia," Short Wave & Television, February 1938, pp. 534, 574–575.
4. ^ GOP Convention of 1940 in Philadelphia, UShistory.org.
5. ^ Weinstein, David (2004). The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television Temple University Press: Philadelphia, p. 16-17. ISBN 1-59213-499-8.
6. ^ "Beginning," Time, July 7, 1947.
7. ^ "The Impact of the FCC's Chain Broadcasting Rules". The Yale Law Journal, 60(1) (1951): 78–111
8. ^ Broadcasting Act (Canada) – Definitions
[edit] See also
Look up television network in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
* List of television networks by country
* Television system
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"
Categories: Television networks | Television terminology
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2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
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This article documents a current disaster. Information regarding it may change rapidly as it progresses. Although this article is updated frequently, it may not reflect the most current or official information about this disaster for all areas.
2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
An aerial view of the tsunami damage
2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
Tokyo
Sendai
Map showing the epicenter of the earthquake
Date 14:46:23, 11 March 2011 (+09:00) (2011-03-11T14:46:23+09:00)
Duration 5 minutes[1]
Magnitude 9.0 Mw[2][3][4][5]
Depth 32 km (20 mi)[2]
Epicenter location 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
Type Megathrust earthquake
Countries or regions affected Japan (primary)
Pacific Rim (tsunami)
Total damage Flooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents
Peak ground acceleration 0.5 g
Tsunami Yes
Landslides Yes
Aftershocks At least 517 (35 above 6.0 MW)
Casualties (preliminary) 3,676[6][7] dead, 1,990[6][7] injuries, 7,558[6][7] missing.
The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[8]?, literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake"[FN 1]) was a 9.0 MW megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011.[2][3][5][27][28] The epicenter was reported to be 130 kilometers (81 mi) off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 32 km (20 mi).[29][30]
The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations along Japan's Pacific coast and in at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[31][32][33] The earthquake created extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft) that struck Japan minutes after the quake, in some cases travelling up to 10 km (6 mi) inland,[34] with smaller waves reaching many other countries after several hours.[28]
The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 3,676[6][7] deaths, 1,990[6][7] injuries, and 7,558[6][7] people missing across 16 prefectures, but estimated numbers are far higher, ranging from thousands to tens of thousands dead or missing.[35] The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.4 million without water.[36] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors partially melted down,[37][38] which prompted evacuations of the affected areas,[39] and a state of emergency was established. Three reactors believed to have partially melted down have experienced a chemical explosion extensively damaging their buildings, and the integrity of the inner core-containment vessel of one is compromised and some dangerously radioactive release from the plant has occurred.[36][40][41] Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. Early estimates from AIR Worldwide place insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[42] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March 2011 to normalize market conditions.[43]
The estimates of the Sendai earthquake's magnitude made it the strongest known earthquake to hit Japan, and one of the the five strongest earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[27][44][45][46] Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said that "in the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[47] The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (7.9 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by almost 10 cm (3.9 in).[48]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Earthquake
o 1.1 Energy
o 1.2 Geophysical impact
* 2 Tsunami
o 2.1 Japan
o 2.2 Elsewhere across the Pacific
* 3 Casualties
* 4 Damage and effects
o 4.1 Nuclear power plants
+ 4.1.1 Fukushima I and II Nuclear Power Plants
+ 4.1.2 Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant
+ 4.1.3 Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant
o 4.2 Ports
o 4.3 Dam failure
o 4.4 Water
o 4.5 Electricity
o 4.6 Oil
o 4.7 Transport
o 4.8 Telecommunications
o 4.9 Sports
o 4.10 Economic impact
+ 4.10.1 Global financial impact
* 5 Response
o 5.1 Government response
+ 5.1.1 Request for international assistance
+ 5.1.2 Responsibility to the community
o 5.2 International response
o 5.3 Information and support
o 5.4 Media coverage
o 5.5 Scientific and research response
* 6 See also
* 7 Footnotes
* 8 References
* 9 External links
[edit] Earthquake
Map of the Sendai earthquake and aftershocks
The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with a 7.2 MW event on 9 March approximately 40 km (25 mi) from 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6 MW in magnitude.[44][49] One minute prior to the effects of the earthquake being felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system connected to more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This was possible because the damaging seismic S-waves, traveling at 4 kilometers per second, took about 90 seconds to travel the 373 km (232 mi) to Tokyo. The early warning is believed by the Japan Meteorological Agency to have saved many lives.[50][51]
The earthquake occurred at 14:46 local time in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial magnitude 9.0 quake. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, 7.4 at 15:15 local time and 7.2 at 15:26 local time.[52] Over five hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[53]
Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly upgraded to 8.8 and then to 8.9,[44] and then again to 9.0.[5][28] This earthquake occurred where the Pacific Plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu; which plate this is is a matter of debate amongst scientists.[54][55] The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) a year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate releasing large amounts of energy. This motion pulls the upper plate down until it breaks. The break 130 kilometers (81 mi) off of the coast of Sendai was estimated to be several tens of kilometers long and only 32 kilometers (20 mi) deep, and caused the sea floor to spring up several meters, causing the earthquake.[54][56] A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 km (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of an earthquake to exceed 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[57] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki Prefectures.[58] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi).[59][60] Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.[61] The earthquake may have had a mechanism similar to that of another large earthquake in 869 with estimated magnitude Ms 8.6, which also created a large tsunami.[62] Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and 1933.
The quake registered the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[63] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured a lower 6, recording an upper 5 in Tokyo.
The United States' Nuclear Energy Institute released figures indicating the earthquake generated peak ground accelerations of 0.35g (3.43 m/s²) near the epicenter;[64] with a study by the University of Tokyo indicating some areas experienced accelerations in excess of 0.5g (4.9 m/s²).[65]
[edit] Energy
This earthquake released a surface energy (Me) of 1.9±0.5×1017 joules,[66] dissipated as shaking and tsunamic energy, which is nearly double that of the 9.1-magnitude 2004 Sumatran earthquake that killed 230,000 people, and flung the 2,600 ton Apung 1 ship 2 to 3 km (1.2 to 1.9 mi) inland. "If we could only harness the [surface] energy from this earthquake, it would power [a] city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year," USGS director Marcia McNutt said in an interview.[67] The total energy released (Mw) was more than 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS WPhase Moment Solution at 3.9×1022 joules,[68] slightly less than the 2004 Sumatra quake. This is equivalent to 9.32 teratons of TNT (approximately 600 million times that of the Hiroshima bomb, or 186,400 times as powerful as man's largest-ever explosive device, Tsar Bomba).
[edit] Geophysical impact
Soil liquefaction in Koto, Tokyo
The quake moved portions of northeast Japan by as much as 2.4 m (7.9 ft) closer to North America,[48] making portions of Japan's landmass "wider than before," according to geophysicist Ross Stein.[55] Portions of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts.[55] Stein also noted that a 400 km (250 mile) stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 m (2.0 ft), allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land.[55] The Pacific plate itself may have moved eastwards by up to 20 m (66 ft), though the actual displacement will have diminished with greater distance from the site of the fault.[69] Other estimates put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m (130 ft), covering an area some 300 km (190 mi) to 400 km (250 mi) long by 100 km (62 mi) wide. If confirmed, this would be one of the largest fault movements ever recorded.[70]
According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by 25 centimeters (9.8 in). This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.[71] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.[72] The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Due to the effects of conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation.[73]
Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted two days after the earthquake. The volcano had erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake.[74] In Antarctica, the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about 0.5 meters (1.6 ft).[75]
[edit] Tsunami
Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA
Water column height on 11 March 2011 at DART Station, 690 NM Southeast of Tokyo
The earthquake caused a massive tsunami which wrought massive destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands. The tsunami propagated across the Pacific, and warnings were issued and evacuations carried out in many countries with Pacific coasts, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile;[31][32][33] however, while the tsunami was felt in many of these places, it caused only relatively minor effects. Chile's section of Pacific coast is furthest from Japan (about 17,000 km away[76]—the furthest possible distance on the earth is the semi-circumference, about 20,000 km[77]) but still was struck by tsunami waves up to 2 meters high.[78]
[edit] Japan
The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it rated as a "Major tsunami", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[79] The actual height predicted varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 10 m (33 ft) high.[80] The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST around 70 km (43 mi) from the nearest point on Japan's coastline, and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30 minutes to reach the areas first affected, and then areas further north and south based on the geography of the coastline.[81][82] Just over an hour after the earthquake, a tsunami was observed at 15:55 JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[83][84] with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[36][85] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[86] A 4-meter (13 ft)-high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.[87]
Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Cyclone Nargis, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. There were reports of "whole towns gone" from tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[88] one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011.[89]
Kuji and Ofunato have been "swept away ... leaving no trace that a town was there."[90][91] Also destroyed was Rikuzentakata, where the tsunami was reportedly three stories high.[92][93][94] Other cities reportedly destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada (all in Iwate Prefecture), Namie, Sōma and Minamisōma (all in Fukushima Prefecture) and Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma (all in Miyagi Prefecture).[95][96][97][98] The severest effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670-kilometer (420 mi)-long stretch of coastline from Erimo in the north to Oarai in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake.[99]
On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 meters (9.8 ft) at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:[100]
* 15:12 JST – Iwate Kamaishi-oki – 6.8 m (22 ft)
* 15:15 JST – Ofunato – 3.2 m (10 ft) or more
* 15:20 JST – Ishinomaki-shi Ayukawa – 3.3 m (11 ft) or more
* 15:21 JST – Miyako – 4.0 m (13.1 ft) or more
* 15:21 JST – Kamaishi – 4.1 m (13 ft) or more
* 15:44 JST – Erimo-cho Shoya – 3.5 m (11 ft)
* 15:50 JST – Soma – 7.3 m (24 ft)
* 16:52 JST – Oarai – 4.2 m (14 ft)
These readings were obtained from recording stations maintained by the JMA around the coastline of Japan. Many areas were also affected by tsunamis of 1 to 3 meters (3.3 to 9.8 ft) in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that "At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites." The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15:12 to 15:21, between 26 and 35 minutes after the earthquake had struck. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunamis.[101][102]
[edit] Elsewhere across the Pacific
20110311Houshu.ogg
Play video
NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation
Shortly after the earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) issued tsunami watches and warnings for locations in the Pacific. At 07:30 UTC PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning for the entire Pacific Ocean.[103][104] The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border.[105] In California and Oregon, up to 8 ft (2.4 m) high tsunami surges hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over US$10 million of damage.[106][107] Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at $3 million, with damage to private property estimated at tens of millions of dollars.[108] A tsunami warning was also advised for the Canadian province of British Columbia, where the potentially affected areas included British Columbia's north coast and the outer west coast of Vancouver Island; waters around the island were deemed dangerous and all boats were grounded for 12 hours, stranding some island residents in the area.[109]
Some South Pacific countries, including Tonga, American Samoa and New Zealand, experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage.[110] Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.[111] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) and over 300 homes damaged.[111] The surge in Chile was large enough to cause some damage.
Russia evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the Kuril Islands.[112] In the Philippines, waves up to 0.5 meters (1.6 ft) high hit the eastern seaboard of the country.
[edit] Casualties
The bottom MODIS satellite image was taken on 26 February, and the top on 13 March, after the tsunami. Sendai is in the upper third of both (the red circle to its immediate north-east marks a fire). Scale bar is 10 km.
Both the earthquake and the resultant tsunami caused many casualties.
The National Police Agency has officially confirmed 3,676[6][7] people dead, 1,990[6][7] injured, and 7,558[6][7] missing across sixteen prefectures.[113] These numbers are expected to significantly increase,[114] with casualties expected to reach tens of thousands.[115]
Prefectural officials and the Kyodo News Agency, quoting local officials, said that 9,500 people from Minamisanriku in Miyagi Prefecture—about a half of the town's population—were unaccounted for.[116] NHK has reported that the death toll in Iwate Prefecture alone may reach 10,000.[36]
Save the Children reports that as many as 100,000 children have been uprooted from their homes; of this, some have been split from their families, since the earthquake occurred during the school day.[117]
Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the bodies of 200–300 victims.[118]
It was reported that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[119] One of the trains, on the Senseki Line, was found derailed in the morning; all passengers were rescued by a police helicopter.[120] Der Spiegel later reported that five missing trains in Miyagi Prefecture had been found with all passengers safe, although this information could not be confirmed locally.[121]
By 9:30 UTC on March 11, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[122][123] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese government in locating next of kin for those missing or deceased.[124]
One man was killed in Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea.[125] Near Crescent City, California, a 25-year-old man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami was swept out to sea and confirmed dead.[126]
[edit] Damage and effects
The degree of damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami combined, most due to the tsunami, is enormous. Film of the worst affected towns show nothing more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.[127] The extent of the damage was also massive. Estimates of the value of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars; before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many places.[128][129] Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40 per cent of its 22,000-mile coastline and stand up to 12 metres (39 ft) high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of the seawalls, some of which collapsed.[130]
Debris washed out to sea
[edit] Nuclear power plants
Main article: 2011 Japanese nuclear incidents
Fukushima I, Fukushima II, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tōkai nuclear power stations consisting of eleven reactors were automatically shut down following the earthquake.[131] Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat for several days after a plant has been shut down. The cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators, as in the case of Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.[132] At Fukushima I and II tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems including two large explosions at Fukushima I and leakage of radiation. Over 200,000 people have been evacuated.[133]
Europe's energy commissioner Guenther Oettinger, in remarks to the European Parliament on 15 March, called the nuclear disaster an "apocalypse", saying that the word was particularly well chosen, and that Tokyo had almost lost control of events at the Fukushima power plant.[134]
[edit] Fukushima I and II Nuclear Power Plants
Before and after images of the explosion at Fukushima I Unit 1 reactor
Main articles: Fukushima I nuclear accidents and Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents
Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[135][136] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1,000 times normal levels,[137] and that radiation levels outside the plant are up to 8 times normal levels.[138] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km (7 mi) south.[139] This brings the total number of problematic reactors to six,[140] two of which (unit 1 and 3 at Fukushima I) experienced a partial meltdown.[37][38][141]
On March 12, a large explosion, thought to be caused by the buildup of hydrogen gas, blew away the roof and outer walls of the Reactor 1 building, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapor, but the reactor itself was not damaged in the explosion.[41][142][143] A BBC journalist reported being stopped 60 km from the blast site by police.[41]
At 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March (12 March 16:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0–7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES),[144] below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness.[145] This has been questioned by the French ASN nuclear safety authority. They say the accident can be classed as a 5 or 6, which would be comparable to or worse than the Three Mile Island accident.[146]
Another explosion occurred at Reactor 3 of the Fukushima I plant just after 11:00 local time on March 14.[147] An exterior wall of the building collapsed, but the reactor vessel was not damaged according to a government spokesperson.[148] At 16:29 UTC on Monday 14 March (14 March 01:29 UTC), the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency announced that the explosion had occurred. The local population was advised by the authorities to stay home until the radioactive situation of the environment is totally clarified.[149] Unlike the other five reactor units, reactor 3 runs on mixed uranium and plutonium oxide, or MOX fuel, making it potentially more dangerous in an incident due to the neutronic effects of plutonium on the reactor and the carcinogenic effects in the event of release to the environment.[150][151][152] Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) is trying to reduce the pressure within the plants by venting contaminated steam from the reactor vessels into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami, of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[153] Residents living within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[39][154][155][156]
Additionally, it was reported on 14 Mar at 07:00 EDT that the fuel rods of Reactor 2 at the Fukushima I plant were now fully exposed, and a meltdown of the fuel rods, with the risk of damage to the reactor vessel and a possible radioactive leak, could not be ruled out.[157] As of 14 March, about 160 people have been exposed to dangerous radiation levels near the power stations. One plant employee was killed while operating a crane, eight others have been injured.[158] An additional eleven employees were injured when the Reactor 3 building exploded.[159] Several people received some radiation doses.[160]
On March 15, at 6:10 a.m. local time an explosion occurred at Reactor 2 of the Fukushima I plant.[161] Radiation "exceeding the legal limit" was detected outside the plant. The government admitted it was "very probable" that the cores of Reactors 1, 2 and 3 had experienced meltdowns due to high temperatures.[162] According to TEPCO, the plant's operator, the radiation level at 8:31 a.m. local time had risen to 8.217 millisieverts (mSv) per hour, more than eight times the exposure permitted by law per year.[163] Later the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano announced that according to the Tokyo Electric Power Company, the hourly radiation at the nuclear plant site reached 400 mSv.[164][165] A fourth Fukushima I reactor, Reactor 4, was also rocked by an explosion on March 15.[166]
A US Navy relief group moved from the immediate area after its helicopters detected low-level radiation while returning to their aircraft carrier from a SAR mission, 160 km (100 miles) offshore. The flight absorbed the equivalent amount of earthbound background radiation for a month, in the span of about an hour.[167][168]
[edit] Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant
A map showing epicenter of earthquake and position of nuclear power plants
A fire from the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake was reported by Kyodo News.[132][169] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor,[135] and was soon extinguished.[170]
On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant by TEPCO, as radioactivity readings temporarily[171] exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.[172][173] TEPCO stated this was due to radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and not from the Onagawa plant itself.[174]
[edit] Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant
The number 2 reactor at Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically.[131] On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working,[175] but the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump and cooling was working, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.[176]
[edit] Ports
The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[177][178] All of Japan's ports were briefly closed after the earthquake, though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened. The north-eastern ports of Hachinohe, Sendai, Ishinomaki and Onahama were destroyed, while Chiba port (which serves the hydrocarbon industry) and Japan's ninth-largest container port at Kashima were also affected though less severely. The ports at Hitachinaka, Hitachi, Soma, Shiogama, Kesennuma, Ofunato, Kamashi and Miyako were also damaged and were expected to be out of action for weeks.[179]
[edit] Dam failure
The Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured,[180] causing flooding and washing away homes.[181] Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the next morning.[182][183][184] Reportedly, some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely failed.[185]
[edit] Water
At least 1.5 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies.[186]
[edit] Electricity
According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[187] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake. Rolling blackouts began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake.[188] The Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco), which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity, announced that it can currently provide only about 30 GW. This is because 40 percent of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area is now supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures.[189] Two of those reactors, the Fukushima Dai-ichi and Fukushima Dai-ni, were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and have sustained major damage related to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Rolling blackouts of three hours are expected to last until the end of April and will affect the Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Chiba, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures.[190]
Tohoku Electric Power (TEP) cannot currently provide the Kanto region with additional power, because TEP's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake. Kansai Electric Power Company (Kepco) cannot share electricity, because its system operates at 60 hertz, whereas Tepco's and TEP's operate at 50 hertz. Two substations, one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture, can convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tohoku, but their capacity to do so is limited to 1 GW. With the damage to so many power plants, it could be years before electricity productions levels in eastern Japan return to pre-quake levels.[191]
[edit] Oil
Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara
A 220,000-barrel-per-day[192] oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.[193] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[194][195]
In Sendai, a 145,000-barrel-per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, JX Nippon Oil & Energy, was also set ablaze by the quake.[192] Workers were evacuated,[196] but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.[192]
[edit] Transport
Japan's transport network suffered severe disruption. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan were damaged.[197] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[198] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[199] Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day-12 March.[200] Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland.[201]
A tsunami wave flooded Sendai Airport at 15:55 JST,[83] about 1 hour after the initial quake. Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports for about 24 hours.[178] Ten airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base.[202]
Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel, as well as car and airplane travel, have occurred in places such as Tokyo and northeastern Japan.
Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[203] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[204] There had been no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.[178] The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March; however, the Tōhoku Shinkansen remained suspended, with visible damage to electrical poles and elevated spans, and the state of the line in harder-hit areas still difficult to ascertain.[205] Services on the Tōhoku Shinkansen partially resumed on 15 March, with one round-trip service per hour between Tokyo and Nasu-Shiobara.[206]
The rolling blackouts brought on by the crises at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima later had a profound effect on the rail networks around Tokyo starting on 14 March. Major railways began running trains at 10–20 minute intervals (normally 3–5 minutes), operating some lines only at rush hour, and completely shutting down others (notably, the Tokaido Main Line, Yokosuka Line, Sobu Main Line and Chuo-Sobu Line were all stopped for the day).[207] This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home.
[edit] Telecommunications
Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.[208] Internet services, however, were to a large extent able to reroute around the damage;[209] only a few websites were initially unreachable.[210] Several Wi-Fi hotspot providers have reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks.[210]
[edit] Sports
The 2011 World Figure Skating Championships were scheduled to take place from 21–27 March at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo but the International Skating Union decided on 14 March to postpone the event, after the German team announced that it would follow recommendations not to travel to Japan.[211] International Skating Union President Ottavio Cinquanta published a statement on the federation website on March 15, confirming the cancellation of the event. However, the possibility of re-scheduling remains, said the ISU chief. "The postponement of the event or alternatively the final cancellation is under evaluation."[212]
Also on hold is the ISU Figure Skating World Team Trophy, scheduled for Yokohama on April 14–17. The ISU is waiting for guidance from Japanese authorities on whether the skating championships can be held. "It is understood that a postponement of the above-mentioned World Championships as well as the holding of the ISU World Team Trophy is subject to the confirmation by the competent Japanese authorities that the situation is back to normal conditions allowing the safe conduct of major ISU sports Events in the Tokyo area," says the ISU.[213]
[edit] Economic impact
An aerial view of the Sendai port, 12 March. Some analysts are predicting that the total recovery costs could reach ¥10 trillion ($122 billion).[214]
The northern Tohoku region, which was most affected, accounts for about 8 percent of the country's gross domestic product, with factories that make products such as cars and beer as well as energy infrastructure.[215] It includes the northern Miyagi prefecture, where Sendai is located, about 300 km (180 miles) northeast of Tokyo. The Miyagi area includes manufacturing and industrial zones with chemical and electronics plants. It is estimated that Miyagi accounts for 1.7% of Japan’s gross domestic product.[216]
The earthquake and tsunami have had significant immediate impacts on businesses such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda, which completely suspended auto production until 14 March. Nippon Steel Corporation also suspended production, Toyo Tire & Rubber Company and Sumitomo Rubber Industries shuttered their tire and rubber production lines, while GS Yuasa closed its automotive battery production. This was expected to hinder supply availability for automakers.[217] Tokyo Electric Power Company, Toshiba, East Japan Railway Company and Shin-Etsu Chemical Company were suggested as the most vulnerable companies as a result of the earthquake.[218] Sony also suspended production at all its six plants in the area, while Fuji Heavy Industries discontinued production at most of its factories in the Gunma and the Tochigi Prefectures.[219] Other factories suspending operations include Kirin Holdings, GlaxoSmithKline, Nestlé[220] and Toyota amid power cuts.[221] The factory shutdowns, power cuts and the consequent presumed impact on consumer confidence could hurt the national GDP for several months, although economist Michael Boskin predicts "only minimal impact on the Japanese economy overall."[215][222]
Chief economist for Japan at Credit Suisse, Hiromichi Shirakawa, said in a note to clients that the estimated economic loss may be around $171–183 billion just to the region which was hit by the quake and tsunami. On 14 March, the Bank of Japan, in an attempt to maintain market stability,[223][224] injected 15 trillion yen into the money markets to assure financial stability amid a plunge in stocks and surge in credit risk. After it set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster, governor Masaaki Shirakawa and the bank's board also enlarged a programme to buy government bonds to exchange-traded funds to the tune of 10 trillion yen. The BOJ chief told reporters cash injections will continue as needed.[225] However, following the further nuclear leaks, its actions were read by the market as insufficient[226] despite 8 trillion yen being pumped into the market.[227] On 15 March, the Topix index fell again marking a two-day plunge not seen since 1987 as Japan's default risk surged after Prime Minister Naoto Kan warned of further leaks from the damaged nuclear power plant. Commodities were also significantly lower.[228] Residents of Tokyo were also reported to have gone on a panic shopping spree as daily necessities were sought after and gasoline was stocked up with the increasing risk of nuclear radiation leaks.[229]
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano has said that Japan's government will convene on 13 March to gauge the economic effects of the catastrophe.[230] He also told NHK Television that about 200 billion yen that was remaining from the budget for the concurrent fiscal year that would end on 31 March would be used to fund the immediate recovery efforts. Additional measures could also hurt Japan's public debt (which is already the highest in the world). This additional spending could hurt demand for government bonds.[215]
Some economic analysts consider that, ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. An analyst at JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output." An analyst at Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in subsequent months. After the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but increased by 2.2% the next month, and 1% the following month. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, at more than its former rate.[222] Others are of the opinion that the catastrophe will harm the economy.[231] Some have argued that those who predict that the reconstruction effort could help Japan's economy fall into the broken window fallacy.[232]
[edit] Global financial impact
In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, Japan’s Nikkei stock market index saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[233] The Bank of Japan said that they would do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[234] On Tuesday, March 15, news of rising radiation levels caused the Nikkei to drop over 1,000 points or 10.6% (16% for the week).[235]
Other stock markets around the world were also affected; the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[236] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[237] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[238] Major U.S. stock market indexes rose between 0.5% and 0.7%.[239] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries, despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[240] In Hong Kong, Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on each local stock market.[241]
The share prices of the biggest reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Reinsurance Company fell following the earthquake on speculation that they may face losses "somewhere in the $10 billion range" even after certain costs were absorbed by Japan’s primary insurers and the government.[242]
Peter Bradford, a former member of the United States' Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said that the impact on the nuclear power plant was "obviously a significant setback for the so-called nuclear renaissance. The image of a nuclear power plant blowing up before your eyes on a television screen is a first."[243]
[edit] Response
[edit] Government response
Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[244] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[244][245] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[244] He also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[245]
Kan promised his 100% cooperation in alleviating the situation. He declared that "the safety of Japan's citizens is the priority, and to save every possible life is his current mission." He added that the defense force, police, rescue crew and individuals are currently working at full potential to mediate the situation, and called for more help from all over Japan. Evacuation shelters currently are facing a shortage of potable water, food, blankets and bathroom facilities, as the government arranges these necessities to be delivered to where they are needed as soon as possible, from various areas of Japan and abroad.[citation needed] Dropping temperatures due to the disruption in electrical and gas lines caused further problems at shelters.[36]
A Japanese urban search and rescue team in New Zealand following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake was recalled.[246]
[edit] Request for international assistance
Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States;[247][248] it also requested, via its space agency JAXA, the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing diverse satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organizations.[249]
[edit] Responsibility to the community
"No looting has been reported. Some of the Japanese do complain about their 'weak' government but they do not come out to stage a protest against it or to quarrel among one another in ways that would exacerbate the crisis. Instead, we see residents trying to help one another and young Self Defence Force members carrying old people on their backs to safety," said a Bangkok Post editorial.[250]
"The morality of the Japanese society is amazing. Not one mention or incident of looting or violence. Everyone lines up. Wait your turn to enter the store. Store employees are extremely courteous and kind," wrote a Japanese-American friend of Marianne Kushi of NBC.[251]
A reporter for the The Globe and Mail wrote, "As one catastrophe piled on top of another, a very Japanese deference to authority emerged, as well as a national desire to see civility prevail, no matter the circumstances."[252]
[edit] International response
Main article: Humanitarian response to the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
Japan received messages of condolence and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan.
The Fukushima incident brought the issue of nuclear power to the fore internationally, causing an anti-nuclear demonstration of 50,000 people in Stuttgart and the cancellation of a pro-nuclear press conference in the United Kingdom.[253]
On many countries, aiding campaigns have been organized in order to offer both money and support to the victims and the people of Japan in general. Social buying sites such as LivingSocial and Groupon have launched on-line campaign on which several million dollars were raised for different organizations working to aid the victims. [254]
Operation Tomodachi (which means friendship in Japanese) was started by the USA to give assistance and humanitarian aid to Japan. Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force units provided assistance.[255]
[edit] Information and support
Among several resources offered to help find earthquake survivors and obtain information about people in Japan are: Disaster Message Board Web171 operated by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone,[256][257] the International Committee of the Red Cross,[258] American Red Cross,[259] Google Person Finder,[260] websites of the Australian Embassy,[261] US Department of State,[262] UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office,[263] and the Honshu Quake wiki operated by the CrisisCommons volunteer community.[264]
[edit] Media coverage
Japan's national public broadcaster, NHK, and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[265] Various other nationwide Japanese TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, TV Kanagawa, and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.[266]
On 14 March, NHK News reported a Japan Meteorological Agency warning that there was a 70% probability of a new earthquake exceeding magnitude 7.0 occurring within or near the same hypocentral region in the following three days.[267]
[edit] Scientific and research response
According to the chief scientist for the Multi-Hazards project at the U.S. Geological Survey, the fact that the Sendai earthquake took place in Japan – a country with "the best seismic information in the world" – meant that for the first time it was hoped that data had been collected that would allow modeling of an earthquake of this type and severity in great detail. Andreas Reitbrock, a professor of seismology at the University of Liverpool, agreed, stating that "It gives us, for the first time, the possibility to model in great detail what happened during the rupture of an earthquake." [48]
The effect of this data is expected to be felt across other disciplines as well. Tom Heaton, a seismological engineer, commented that "the tragedy would provide unprecedented information about how buildings hold up under long periods of shaking — and thus how to build them better. We had very little information about that before now". James Cave, Associate Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University said that data retrieved from the Sendai quake could provide new details in "quake-proofing" large urban areas in the future. [268]
[edit] See also
* Historic tsunamis
* 2011 Christchurch earthquake
* 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
* 1978 Miyagi earthquake which also occurred near Sendai
* List of earthquakes in Japan
* Minamisanriku, Miyagi
* Seismicity in Japan
[edit] Footnotes
1. ^ While the Japan Meteorological Agency officially announced the English name as The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake,[9][10] the Japanese nomenclature of the earthquake varies between media sources. NHK [11][12] uses Northeast Kantō Great Earthquake disaster (東北関東大震災, tōhoku kantōdaishinsai?); Sankei Shimbun,[13] Asahi Shimbun,[14] Mainichi Shimbun,[15] Jiji Press,[16] Fuji Television,[17] Kyodo News,[18] Tokyo Shimbun,[19] Chunichi Shimbun [20] and Tokyo Broadcasting System [21][dead link] use East Japan Great Earthquake disaster (東日本大震災, higashinihon daishinsai?); Northeast-Kantō Great Earthquake (東北・関東大地震, tōhoku-kantō daijishin?) has been used by Kyodo News,[22] Tokyo Shimbun [23] and Chunichi Shimbun;[24] East Japan wide-area earthquake (東日本巨大地震, higashinihon kyodaijishin?) has been used by Yomiuri Shimbun,[25] Nihon Keizai Shimbun [26] and TV Asahi [1], and East Japan Great Earthquake (東日本大地震, higashinihon daijishin?) is used by Nippon Television [2], Tokyo FM [3] and TV Asahi [4].
[edit] References
1. ^ NBC Nightly News (11 Mar. 2011)
2. ^ a b c "Magnitude 9.0 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN". USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
3. ^ a b "USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan’s 2011 Tohoku Earthquake to 9.0". USGS. March 14, 2011. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727&from=rss_home.
4. ^ "USGS analysis as of 2011-03-12". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
5. ^ a b c Reilly, Michael (11 March 2011). "Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
6. ^ a b c "Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures associated with 2011Tohoku district – off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake". Japanese National Police Agency. 16 March 2011, 08:00 JST. http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo_e.pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
7. ^ a b c "平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震の被害状況と警察措置". Japanese National Police Agency. 16 March 2011, 08:00 JST. http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo.pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
8. ^ 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency. "平成23年3月11日14時46分頃の三陸沖の地震について（第２報） 気象庁 | 平成２３年報道発表資料" (in Japanese). JMA. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1103/11c/201103111620.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
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19. ^ 東京新聞:東日本大震災:特集･連載(TOKYO Web)
20. ^ http://www.chunichi.co.jp/s/article/2011031201000167.html
21. ^ http://news.tbs.co.jp/newseye/tbs_newseye4673011.html
22. ^ 東日本大震災 - 一般社団法人 共同通信社 ニュース特集
23. ^ 東京新聞:収まらぬ余震 …不安 東北・関東大地震:東京(TOKYO Web)
24. ^ 中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web)
25. ^ 東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
26. ^ 東日本巨大地震 ：特集 ：日本経済新聞
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30. ^ "Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake". BBC News (UK). 11 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
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35. ^ Hiyama, Hiroshi. "Blast at Japan nuke plant; quake leaves 10,000 missing". AFP. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jtFJee871dFaHEGDeKMeB5H567Dw?docId=CNG.19d12e5647311a6750cb654cad6306f8.9f1. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
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37. ^ a b "2011/03/13 01:04 – Meltdown Caused Nuke Plant Explosion: Safety Body". E.nikkei.com. http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110312D12JFF03.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
38. ^ a b "Report: 2nd Japan nuclear meltdown likely under way - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42044156/ns/world_news-asiapacific/. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
39. ^ a b "Official: 2 Japanese plants struggling to cool radioactive material". CNN. 11 March 2001. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
40. ^ Wire Staff. "Report: Explosion at Japanese nuclear plant". World. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/12/japan.nuclear/. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
41. ^ a b c "Huge blast at Japan nuclear power plant (with video of explosion)". BBC News. 12 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12720219. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
42. ^ Molly Hennessy-Fiske (13 March 2011). "Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion, AIR says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
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48. ^ a b c "Quake shifted Japan by over two meters". Deutsche Welle. March 14, 2011. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
49. ^ Lovett, Richard A. (14 March 2011). "Japan Earthquake Not the "Big One"?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDGM2J50. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
50. ^ Foster, Peter. "Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5x74xLDTb. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
51. ^ Talbot, David. "80 Seconds of Warning for Tokyo". MIT Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
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54. ^ a b Ian Sample. "newspaper: Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
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56. ^ "Honshu earthquake and tsunami in Japan, 8.9 Mw ". Stucturalgeography.org
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64. ^ Lavelle, Michelle (14 March 2011). "Japan Battles to Avert Nuclear Power Plant Disaster". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/03/110314-japan-nuclear-power-plant-disaster/. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
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67. ^ Marcia McNutt. (March 12, 2011). Energy from quake: if harnessed, could power L.A. for a year. CBS News via YouTube (Google). Event occurs at about :30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
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69. ^ Rincon, Paul (14 March 2011). "How the quake has moved Japan". http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
70. ^ Reilly, Michael (12 March 2011). "Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
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73. ^ Harris, Bethan (14 March 2011). "Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis?". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
74. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (13 March 2011). "Volcano in southern Japan erupts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xAFMNiQh. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
75. ^ Ananthaswamy, Anil (15 March 2011). "Japan quake shifts Antarctic glacier". http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
76. ^ "Distance between Dichato, Chile and Sendai, Japan is 17228km". Mapcrow.info. 2007-10-23. http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908%2CD&city4=-367975%2CS. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
77. ^ "The circumference of the earth is about 40,000km". Geography.about.com. 2010-06-16. http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzcircumference.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
78. ^ Attwood, James. "Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
79. ^ Tsunami Warning System information, Japan Meteorological Agency
80. ^ "Tsunami Information (Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height)". 11 March 2011. http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html.
81. ^ One estimate of 10–15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the Helmholtz Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, as interviewed in Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, Deutsche Welle, March 12, 2011, accessed March 13, 2011.
82. ^ Another estimate of 15–30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Tsunami Research, as reported in Japan tsunami: Toll could rise to more than 1,300, NDTV-hosted copy of an article by Martin Fackler, The New York Times, March 12, 2011, accessed March 13, 2011.
83. ^ a b "News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered". Avherald.com. 6 July 2001. http://avherald.com/h?article=43928907&opt=0. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
84. ^ "10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref". The Mainichi Daily News. 11 March 2011. http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110311p2g00m0dm056000c.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
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234. ^ "BOJ to Work to Ensure Financial Market Stability". 11 March 2011. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/boj-to-work-to-ensure-financial-market-stability-2011-03-11.
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237. ^ "Japan earthquake hits global markets". The Telegraph. 11 March 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/8376330/Japan-earthquake-hits-global-markets.html. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
238. ^ "Roubini Says Earthquake Is 'Worst Thing' at Worst Time for Japan Economy". Bloomberg. 11 March 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/roubini-says-earthquake-is-worst-thing-at-worst-time-for-japan-economy.html. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
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241. ^ "FS warns of quake impact on shares". RTHK. 12 March 2011. http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/elocal/news.htm?elocal&20110312&56&740229. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
242. ^ Kucera, Danielle. "Reinsurers Decline as Japan Quake, Tsunami May Cause $10 Billion in Claims". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/european-reinsurers-fall-leading-u-s-carriers-lower-on-quake.html. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
243. ^ Polson, Jim. "Nuclear Renaissance Threatened as Japan Fights Meltdown at Quake-Hit Plant". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-13/nuclear-renaissance-threatened-as-japanese-reactor-struggles-after-quake.html. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
244. ^ a b c Christopher Anstey (11 March 2011). "Kan Mobilizes Forces, BOJ Pledges Liquidity After Quake". http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/kan-mobilizes-forces-central-bank-pledges-liquidity-after-japanese-quake.html.
245. ^ a b Nikkei Inc. (11 March 2011). "Govt Takes Emergency Steps, Kan Asks People To Stay Calm". Nikkei.com. http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF296.htm.
246. ^ "Japanese rescue team in NZ heads home". BigPond News. 12 March 2011. http://bigpondnews.com/articles/World/2011/03/12/Japanese_rescue_team_in_NZ_heads_home_588071.html.
247. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (11 March 2011). "Japan requests foreign rescue teams, UN says". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-japan-quake-aid-refile-idUSTRE72A71320110311. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
248. ^ "Japan earthquake: Aid request to the UK". BBC News. 12 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12721827. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
249. ^ "Disaster Charter – Earthquake in Japan". Disasterscharter.org. 28 May 2010. http://www.disasterscharter.org/web/charter/activation_details?p_r_p_1415474252_assetId=ACT-359. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
250. ^ Achakulwisut, Atiya (March 16, 2011). "World bows to Japanese fortitude". Bangok Post (The Post Publishing PCL). http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/226899/world-bows-to-japanese-fortitude. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
251. ^ Cubbison, Gene (March 15, 2011). "Japan's Resilience: Recipe for Recovery". NBC San Diego (NBCUniversal). http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Japans-Resilience-Recipe-for-Recovery--118044299.html. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
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253. ^ Stuart, Becky (14 March 2011). "Nuclear power comes under attack; solar stocks increase". pv magazine. http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/nuclear-power-comes-under-attack-solar-stocks-increase_100002437/. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
254. ^ After Japan’s Earthquake, Daily Deals became a Useful Tool for Daily Giving., Pinggers Blog, http://blog.pinggers.com/2011/03/after-japan%E2%80%99s-earthquake-daily-deals-became-a-useful-tool-for-daily-giving/
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257. ^ Web171, Japan, https://www.web171.jp/top.php
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267. ^ NHK News, 03:30 JST.
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[edit] External links
Find more about 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
* Earthquake Swarm Google Earth Animation
* Earthquake Report from United States Geological Survey (USGS)
* Pacific Tsunami Warning Center at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
* U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Japan Earthquake Response
* West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Information at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
* Seismic Monitor at Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)
* Integrated Tsunami Watcher Service
* Japan Earthquake & Tsunami at Esri
* Japan Disaster: Most Shocking Pics – slideshow by Life magazine
* Images of affected areas from Boston.com
* Japan Earthquake: before and after aerial and satellite images from ABC News, credited to Google
* Satellite Photos of Japan, Before and After the Quake and Tsunami (The New York Times)
* Diverse satellite imagery taken under the aegis of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters
* 110311 JapanEarthquake at the Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
* 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami at Google Crisis Response
* Red Earthquake and Tsunami Alert in Japan at the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
* Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Datafeeds gathering and Japan Data Profile inputs for Common Operational Datasets at CrisisCommons
* Catastrophe bonds at risk of loss due to the earthquake (from Artemis.bm)
* Japan earthquake: disaster by numbers
* Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb
Live media coverage
* Japan earthquake live coverage at Al Jazeera English
* Japan earthquake live coverage at BBC News
* Japan tsunami and earthquake live coverage at The Guardian
* Quake and tsunami live coverage at The New York Times
* Japan Earthquake live coverage at Reuters
* NHK WORLD English live coverage at Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)
[show]v · d · e2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
Humanitarian response · Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents
Affected Geography
Geology: Japan Trench • Pacific Plate • North American Plate • Okhotsk Plate • Honshu Island / Pacific Ocean
Japan:
* Tōhoku Region [ Fukushima Prefecture ( Futaba – Minamisōma ) | Iwate Prefecture ( Miyako – Ōfunato – Rikuzentakata – Yamada ) | Miyagi Prefecture ( Higashimatsushima – Ishinomaki – Kesennuma – Kurihara – Minamisanriku – Sendai ) ]
* Kantō Region [ Chiba Prefecture ( Ichihara ) ]
Affected infrastructure
Ichihara refinery • Fujinuma Dam • Sendai Airport • Tohoku Shinkansen • Joban line (Shinchi Station) • Fukushima Dai-Ichi plant • Fukushima Dai-Ni plant • Onagawa plant • Tōkai plant
Incidents
Fukushima I nuclear accidents • Fujinuma Dam collapse
See also: Japanese earthquakes · Seismicity of the Sanriku coast · Historic tsunamis · Nuclear and radioactive incidents
[show]v · d · e← Major earthquakes in 2011
January
Tirúa, Chile (7.1, Jan 2) · Pakistan (7.2, Jan 19)
February
Christchurch, New Zealand (6.3, Feb 22)†
March
Yunnan, China (5.4, Mar 10) · Sendai, Japan (9.0, Mar 11)†‡
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Sendai_earthquake_and_tsunami"
Categories: 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami | Earthquakes in Japan | Megathrust earthquakes in Japan | 2011 in Japan | 2011 in California | 2011 earthquakes | Tsunamis in Japan | Tōhoku region | History of Tokyo | Nuclear energy in Japan | Civilian nuclear power accidents | 2011 in Oregon | Tsunamis in the United States
Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text | All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from March 2011 | Articles with inconsistent citation formats | Use dmy dates from March 2011 | Current events from March 2011 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011
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Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011
Japan Self Defense Forces
Logged frequencies with earthquake related traffic. Comms in Japanese and English.
* 2205.0 USB 沿岸警備隊 / Coast Guard
* 2325.0 USB 沿岸警備隊 / Coast Guard
* 3151.0 USB 沿岸警備隊の戦術行動 / Coast Guard Ops
* 5545.0 USB 航空機観測 / Aircraft Recon
* 5680.0 USB 捜索、救出 / Search and Rescue
* 5690.0 USB 捜索、救出 / Search and Rescue
* 5693.0 USB 捜索、救出 / Search and Rescue
* 5708.0 USB 航空機観測 / Aircraft Recon
* 6571.0 USB 宮城県での空海協同救助/Japanese Air-Sea Rescue in Miyagi Prefecture
* 6727.0 USB 日本の海の自衛隊 / Japan Maritime Self Defense Forces
* 6742.0 USB 航空機観測 / Japanese Aircraft Recon
* 6751.0 USB 航空機観測 / Japanese Aircraft Recon
* 6760.0 USB 航空機観測 / Japanese Aircraft Recon
* 6773.0 USB 日本の海の自衛隊 / Japan Maritime Self Defense Forces
* 8977.0 USB 航空機モニタリング放射能濃度 / Aircraft Monitoring Radiation Levels
* 10335.0 USB 航空機観測 / Japanese Aircraft Recon
* 11184.0 USB 航空機観測 / Japanese Aircraft Recon
Amateur Radio Nets
Logged with emergency communications mostly in Japanese:
* 3525.0 LSB
* 7030.0 LSB
* 7043.0 LSB (per DX Listening Digest)
* 14265.0 USB 非常時のネット / SATERN Emergency Net
* 14400.0 USB
* 21200.0 USB
* 28200.0 USB
* 28400.0 USB
* 51500.0 USB
U.S. Forces
